Between Myth and Reality

The legend of the pishtacos—also known as ñaqaq in Quechua and kharisiri in Aymara—is one of the oldest, most feared, and fascinating stories of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes. This myth blends history, culture, religion, social tensions, and real events that, for centuries, have shaped the identity of entire communities. Today, in addition to its symbolic meaning, it has become a draw for cultural and mystical tourism.

Historical Origin of the Pishtaco Legend

The myth of the pishtaco arose in the colonial era, in the 16th century, during the Spanish conquest. Indigenous and Spanish chroniclers recorded stories about strange figures—usually fair-skinned outsiders—who supposedly extracted human fat for mysterious purposes.

It was believed that the Spanish used this fat to:

• Cure illnesses and make medicinal ointments.
• Grease church bells to make them ring better.
• Lubricating weapons and machinery.
• Making pacts with supernatural entities to obtain power and wealth.

Over time, the figure of the pishtaco became a symbol of fear, inequality, and exploitation. It represented colonial oppression, violence, and cultural dispossession, but also the fear of losing one’s identity to outsiders.

Even today, the myth lives on, adapting to modern contexts: today it is associated with alleged mafias, corrupt doctors, organ traffickers, and even high-profile cases that fuel the collective imagination.

Regional Variants of the Myth

The myth of the pishtaco has been adapted to different areas of the Andes:

• Pishtaco (central and northern Peru): Found in Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Ancash, and Huánuco.
• Ñaqaq (southern Andes): Quechua name meaning “skinner,” common in Cusco, Apurímac, and Puno.
• Kharisiri or lik’ichiri (Aymara highlands): Very present in Puno and western Bolivia, especially in communities near Lake Titicaca.

Each version maintains the essence of the myth but incorporates local elements, from rituals and beliefs to community punishments to protect themselves from these entities.

The case of the “modern pishtaco” (2009)

In 2009, the Peruvian police announced the capture of an alleged criminal gang in Huánuco that was murdering people to sell their fat. The case generated national panic and was reported internationally. However, weeks later, it was discovered that the whole thing was a media hoax: the story was fabricated by some officers to gain recognition.

This episode confirmed two things:

1. The power of the myth: fear of the pishtaco remains so alive that a rumor can unleash mass hysteria.
2. The cultural weight of the story: Andean communities preserve this legend as part of their identity, and any related news awakens deep memories.

Themed Tour: “In the Footsteps of the Pishtaco”

If you’re passionate about cultural tourism, you can explore the regions where the myth still lives on. This route will take you through Andean villages, oral histories, museums, and landscapes steeped in history.

Day 1 – Historical and Cultural Ayacucho

• City tour in Huamanga: Plaza Mayor, colonial temples, and artisan workshops.
• Museum of Memory: to understand Andean stories and the social context.
• Night of Legends: local storytellers tell stories of the pishtaco and other traditions.
• Average price: S/ 60 – S/ 120 per person.

2 – Quinoa and Pampa de Ayacucho

• Historic obelisk and battlefields.
• Ayacucho altarpiece workshops.
• Short hike through ravines where ñaqaq sightings are said to occur.
• Average price: S/ 80 – S/ 150 per person.

Day 3 – Huanta and Cangallo

• Walk through terraces and natural viewpoints.
• Taste spicy puka and Ayacucho tripe in traditional markets.
• Average price: S/ 90 – S/ 160 per person.

Optional extension: Huancavelica (2 days)

• Historic center and colonial bridges.
• Santa Bárbara mining complex (outdoors only).
• Hot springs: ideal relaxation at high altitude.
• Average package price: S/ 250 – S/ 400 per person.

Optional extension: Puno and Lake Titicaca (2-3 days)

• Cultural tours with narration about the kharisiri.
• Textile workshops in Taquile and Amantaní.
• Experiential tourism experience on floating islands.
• Average package price: S/ 350–S/ 600 per person.

How to get there

• Ayacucho (HUQ): direct flights from Lima (1 hour) or interprovincial bus (9–10 hours).
• Huancavelica: access by road from Ayacucho (6 hours) or Huancayo (5 hours).
• Puno: flights to Juliaca (1 hour 45 minutes) + ground transportation (1 hour) or buses from Lima (8–10 hours).

Climate and best time to visit

• May to September: dry season, sunny days (18–22°C), cool nights.
• October to April: rainy season, waterproof clothing and non-slip footwear recommended.
• Average Altitude:

• Ayacucho: 2,700 m
• Huancavelica: 3,600 m
• Puno: 3,900 m

Estimated Prices 2025

Service                                                           Approximate Cost
Ayacucho City Tour                                                      S/ 40 – S/ 70
Quinua-Huanta Full Day                                            S/ 80 – S/ 150
Night of Legends                                                          S/ 40 – S/ 90
Local Museums                                                            S/ 5 – S/ 15
Lima-Ayacucho Transportation                               S/ 90 – S/ 160
Huancavelica 2-Day Package                                   S/ 250 – S/ 400
Puno 3-Day Package                                                  S/ 350 – S/ 600

Recommended Hotels

Ayacucho

• Hotel Santa Rosa – 3* | S/ 160 – S/ 280 | Historic Center
• DM Hoteles Ayacucho – 4-star | S/ 280 – S/ 420 | Boutique, ideal for couples.
• Family-friendly accommodations – S/ 60 – S/ 120 | Close to artisan workshops.

Huancavelica

• Hotel Presidente – S/ 130 – S/ 220 | With heating and mountain views.
• Eco-lodges near lagoons – S/ 160 – S/ 300 | Nature experience.

Puno

• GHL Hotel Lago Titicaca – 4-star | S/ 360 – S/ 700 | Lakefront.
• Intiqa Hotel – 3-star | S/ 180 – S/ 320 | Historic center.
• Budget accommodations – S/ 70 – S/ 140 | For backpackers.

Typical Cuisine

• Ayacucho: spicy puka, mondongo, chaplas, qapchi, and chicha de jora.
• Huancavelica: three-meat pachamanca, fresh trout, patasca.
• Puno: quinoa soup, chairo, cancacho juliaqueño, and Titicaca trout.

Practical Tips for Travelers

• Wear warm clothing and comfortable shoes.
• Hydrate regularly, especially in high-altitude areas.
• Hire local guides to understand the history and stories.
• Respect the Andean worldview: don’t trivialize the myth of the pishtaco.
• Buy handicrafts directly from producers to support the local economy.